Memory Management

Memory Hierarchy

• CPU Registers
• L1, L2, L3 Cache
• Main Memory (RAM)
• Secondary Storage (Disk)

Virtual Memory

• Paging: Fixed-size pages
• Segmentation: Variable-size segments
• Page Replacement Algorithms: LRU, FIFO, Optimal
• TLB: Translation Lookaside Buffer

Memory Allocation

• Contiguous Allocation: Fixed and variable partitions
• Non-Contiguous Allocation: Paging and segmentation
• Buddy System: Efficient memory allocation

Memory Protection

• Base and limit registers
• Privilege levels (User vs Kernel mode)
• Access control

Fragmentation

• External fragmentation
• Internal fragmentation
• Compaction techniques